Expert Consensus on Vision Services

This Table is from the Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness, Nov. 2000 (vol. 94, number 11, p. 686) "Ensuring high-quality instruction for students in Braille literacy programs", A. J. Koenig and M. C. Holbrook

Skill areas	Consistency¹	Total time per day²	Time span	Duration³
Emergent braille literacy skills	Moderate to moderate-high	Moderate to moderate-short	Infancy to preschool	Long
Early formal literacy skills ("prebraille")	High	Moderate	Preschool through kindergarten	Long
Beginning braille literacy skills	High	Long	Kindergarten through Grade 3	Long
Beginning literacy skills in dual media (print and braille)	High	Long	Kindergarten through Grade 3	Long
Intermediate braille literacy skills	Moderate to moderate-high	Long to long-moderate to moderate	Grades 4 to 8	Long
Advanced braille literacy skills	Moderate to moderate-low	Long to long-moderate	Grades 9 to 12	Long
Braille literacy skills for students with print literacy	High	Long	Introduced at appropriate time	Long
Listening, aural-reading, and live-reader skills	Moderate-periodic	Moderate-short	Throughout school years	Long overall, sometimes concentrated
Technology skills	Moderate-high	Moderate	Throughout school years	Long overall, sometimes concentrated
Keyboard and word processing skills	High-moderate	Moderate-short to moderate	Begin in Grade 1, 2, or 3	Long
Slate and stylus skills	High-moderate to moderate	Moderate-short	Begin in Grade 3 or 4	Long or short
Signature writing skills	Moderate	Moderate-short	Begin in Grades 5-7, Grade 3 or 4	Long or short

Definitions :

¹Consistency

High = Daily contact
Moderate = One to three days per week
Low = semimonthly or monthly

²Total time per day

Long = 1-2 hours per session
Moderate = 30 minutes per session
Short = less than 30 minutes per session

³Duration

Long = throughout at least one school year
Short = throughout one quarter or semester
Concentrated = one to a few days with high-moderate intensity

These are the consensus recommendations of 40 professionals. If there is more than one recommenation, e.g. "Begin in Grades 5-7, Grade 3 or 4" the majority consensus is first. Terms like "Moderate-short" are a single recommendation, not two different ones.